Notes

The Object Type

The object is a data structure that stores other data, similar to how an array stores elements.

• The object differs in that each value stores in an obj is associated with a key.

The Object of My Affections

In other programming languages, objects are referred to as, “dictionaries”, “maps”, or “associative arrays”.

• Objects are indexed with keys instead of numbers.
• Order is not guaranteed within an Object.
• Objects are defined by using curly braces {}
• You can think of Objects as tables.

Fun Fact: Objects are affectionately known as POJO’s (Plain Old Javascript Objects)

Setting Keys and Values

// here "color" is the key!
> car["color"] = "Blue";
"Blue"

> car["seats"] = 2;
2

// accessing our object at the key of color
> car["color"]
"Blue"

> car["seats"]
2

> car
{color: "Blue", seats: 2}

• We assign values to an object by defining the name of the key in brackets and assigning it to a value.

> car
{color: "Blue", seats: 2}

> "color" in car;
true

> "model" in car;
false

• If we try to access a key that has not yet been assigned within an object we will output undefined.
• The preferred method for checking to see if an object exists at a key is to use the in operator.

Using Variables as Keys

> car
{color: "Blue", seats: 2}

> let newVariable = "color";
undefined

> newVariable
"color"

> car[newVariable]
"Blue"

---

> car
{color: "Blue", seats: 2}

> newVariable
"weight"

// assigning a key value pair using a variable!
> car[newVariable] = 1000;
1000

> car
{color: "Blue", seats: 2, weight: 1000}

• It is useful to set a variable as a key, because variables can be re-assigned new values - this way we can quickly access different data and also create new key/value pairs.

Using Different Notations

> let dog = {};
undefined

> dog.bark = "Bowowowo";
"Bowowowowo"

> dog.bark
"Bowowowo"

> dog
{ bark: "Bowowowowo" }

• We can also use dot notation “.” to access key/value pairs in an object.
  • One thing to note is that when using dot notation, we do not have to use string quotes as the key.

Bracket Notation vs Dot Notation

• When accessing object keys: Bracket notation needs to refer to that key in quotations, dot notation doesn’t.
• When accessing object keys via a variable: Bracket notation can refer to that key w/o use of quotations, dot notation can’t do this at all.

let myDog = {};
myDog.name = "Fido";

let myKey = "name";
console.log(myDog); // prints `{name: "Fido"}`
console.log(myDog[myKey]); // prints `Fido`

console.log(myDog.myKey); // prints: undefined

• As illustrated above, the dot notation cannot access a varible key - since it takes a literal interpretation of the key.

Putting it All Together

You can put an object together in a single statement.

let myDog = {
  name: "Fido",
  type: "Doge",
  age: 2,
  favoriteToys: ["bone", "ball"],
};

Operator Precedence Revisited

• The concept of Operator Precedence also applies to objects.
• There are two types of associativity:

  • Right Associativity : When code is evaluted right to left.

    a = b = 1;

    • Since assignment of variables takes lowest precendence, we end up evaluating b = 1 first before a = b.

  • Left Associativity : When code is evaluated left to right.

    let id = "header";
    let element = document.getElementById(id).value;

    • We first resolve the document variable, then use dot notation to retrive the getElementById function, we eval it’s arguments, access it’s value, and then retrieve assignment (the lowest precedence).

Iterating Through Objects

Because objects store unordered key-value pairs, we do not rely on indices to access values; instead we rely on our keys.

A New Kind of For Loop

for (let variable in object) {
  statement;

  let obj = { name: "Rose", cats: 2 };
  for (let currentKey in obj) {
    console.log(currentKey);
    console.log(obj[currentKey]);
  }

  // prints out:
  // name
  // cats
  // Rose
  // 2
}

• We use a special syntax to iterate through each key of an object called a for-in loop.

Methods vs Functions

A Method is a function that belongs to an object. Every method is a function, but not every function is a method.

myFunc is a function
myObject.myFunc is a method of the object myObject
myObject["myFunc"] is a method of the object myObject

• Methods are just a key-value pair where the key is the function name and the value is the function definition.

let dog = {
  name: "Fido",
};

dog.bark = function () {
  console.log("bark bark!");
};

// this is the same thing as above just using Bracket Notation
dog["speak"] = function (string) {
  console.log("WOOF " + string + " WOOF!!!");
};

dog.bark(); // prints `bark bark!`
dog.speak("pizza"); // prints `WOOF pizza WOOF!!!`

let dog2 = {
  name: "Rover",

  bark: function () {
    console.log("bork bork!");
  },

  speak: function (string) {
    console.log("BORK " + string + " BORK!!!");
  },
};
// Notice that in the object above, we still separate the key-value pairs with commas.
// `bark` and `speak` are just keys with functions as values.

dog2.bark(); // prints `bork bork!`
dog2.speak("burrito"); // prints `BORK burrito BORK!!!`

• To invoke these methods we just need to specify which object is calling that method.

myObject.methodName();

Useful Object Methods

• Object.keys() : A method that allows us to iterate through keys, it accepts an obj as the argument and returns an array of the keys.
• Object.values() : Method that accepts an object as the argument and returns an array of the values.

Iterating through an Object’s keys & values

• Object.entries : Method that accepts an object as the argument and returns an array of the [key,value] pairs within.

> Object.entries(cat)
[ [ 'name', 'Freyja' ], [ 'color', 'orange' ] ]

References vs Primitives

Primitives vs Objects

So far we have learned about 6 different data types:

• Primitive : Boolean, Null, Undefined, Number, String.
• Reference : Object (Arrays are a type of object)
• Remember that primitive types are immutable!

Immutabiity

• When we reassign primitives we simply have our variable point elsewhere in memory.
• In a nutshell, immutability cannot change values in memory, but only reassign where our variables are pointing to.

Mutabulity

• If we change either cat1 or cat2, our computer memory will change because they are both pointing at the same memory location.

Rest and Spread

Using the Spread Operator and Rest Parameter Syntax Accepting Arguments

• Just keep in mind that function will still run even if it is not passed any arguments.
• Parameters will take just as many arguments they need even if more than enough are offered.
• We will encounter an error if there are not enough parameters ( > 0).

Utilizing Rest Parameters

• Rest Parameter Syntax : Allows us to capture all of a function’s incoming arguments into an array.
• Only the last parameter can be a rest parameter.

Utilizing Spread Syntax

• Spread Operator : Allows us to break down a data type into the elements that make it up.
  • Takes a data type (i.e. array, obj) and spreads the values of that type where elements are expected.
  • Takes iterable data and spreads the elements of that type where arguments are expected.

let numArray = [1, 2, 3];

// here we are taking `numArray` and *spreading* it into a new array where
// comma separated elements are expected to be
let moreNums = [...numArray, 4, 5, 6];

> moreNums
// => [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

With Objects

let colors = { red: "scarlet", blue: "aquamarine" };
let newColors = { ...colors };

> newColors
// { red: "scarlet", blue: "aquamarine" };

let colors = { red: "scarlet", blue: "aquamarine" };
let colors2 = { green: "forest", yellow: "sunflower" };

let moreColors = { ...colors, ...colors2 };

> moreColors
// {red: "scarlet", blue: "aquamarine", green: "forest", yellow: "sunflo

Spreading Arguments

function speak(verb, noun) {
  return "I like to go " + verb + " with " + noun + ".";
}

const words = ["running", "Jet"];

console.log(speak("running", "Jet")); // => I like to go running with Jet.
console.log(speak(...words)); // => I like to go running with Jet.

Destructuring

• Destructuring Syntax : Allows you to extract parts of an array or obj intro distinct variables.

let numArray = [10, 20];

// here we are "unpacking" the array values into two separate variables
let [firstEl, secondEl] = numArray;

console.log(firstEl); //=> 10
console.log(secondEl); //=> 20

Swapping Variables using destructuring

let num1 = 17;
let num2 = 3;

// this syntax will swap the values of the two variables
[num1, num2] = [num2, num1];

console.log(num1); // 3
console.log(num2); // 17

• One of the cool things we can do with destructuring is swap the values of two variables.

Destructuring objects into variables

• One of the most useful parts of destructuring is the ability to take apart and assign little slices of large objs to variables.

let obj = { name: "Apples", breed: ["tabby", "short hair"] };
let { name, breed } = obj;

console.log(name); // "Apples"
console.log(breed); // ["tabby", "short hair"]

• Aliased Object Destructuring : When our variable does not have the same name as our object’s keys.

let obj = { apple: "red", banana: "yellow" };
let { apple: newApple, banana: newBanana } = obj;

console.log(newApple); // "red"
console.log(newBanana); // "yellow"

• Good rule of thumb to keep clarity in your code is to only destructure values from objects that are two levels deep.

// the fname key is nested more than two levels deep
// (within bootcamp.instructor.fullName)
let bootcamp = {
  name: "App Academy",
  color: "red",
  instructor: {
    fullName: {
      fname: "Rose",
      lname: "K",
    },
  },
};

// this is hard to follow:
let {
  instructor: {
    fullName: { fname, lname },
  },
} = bootcamp;
console.log(fname, lname);

// this is much easier to read:
let { fname, lname } = bootcamp.instructor.fullName;
console.log(fname, lname);

Destructuring and the Rest Pattern

let foods = ["pizza", "ramen", "sushi", "kale", "tacos"];

let [firstFood, secondFood, ...otherFoods] = foods;
console.log(firstFood); // => "pizza"
console.log(secondFood); // => "ramen"
console.log(otherFoods); // => ["sushi", "kale", "tacos"]

• Currently the rest pattern is only officially supported by JS when destructuring arrays.

let { a, c, ...obj } = { a: 1, b: 2, c: 3, d: 4 };
console.log(a); // => 1
console.log(c); // => 3
console.log(obj); // => { b: 2, d: 4 }

Destructuring Parameters

We can also destructure incoming parameters of a function. This is very useful when we’re passing objects around to different functions.

let cat = { name: "Rupert", owner: "Curtis", weight: 10 };

// This unpacks the *owner* key out of any incoming object argument and
// assigns it to a owner parameter(variable)
function ownerName({ owner }) {
  console.log("This cat is owned by " + owner);
}

ownerName(cat);

let bigCat = {
  name: "Jet",
  owner: { name: "Rose" },
  toys: ["ribbon"],
  siblings: { name: "Freyja", color: "orange", toys: ["mouse", "string"] },
};

// here we use *aliased* object destructuring to create a siblingToys variable
function toyFinder({ toys, siblings: { toys: siblingToys } }) {
  let allToys = toys.concat(siblingToys);
  return allToys;
}

console.log(toyFinder(bigCat)); // => ["ribbon", "mouse", "string"]

Benefits of Pair Programming

Benefits of Pair Programming

• Prevents focusing so much on a problem that you forget to communicate with your teammates.

• Helps us share knowledge faster.

Variations of Pair Programming include Mob Programming (3+), and Extreme Programming (Entire Team Rotates through Projects), all of these are known as Collaborative Programming.

Common Concepts

• One Shared Device for Coding.
• Everyone has a job.
• Everyone gets a turn.
• No one is “too good to pair” - it’s a team process!

Pair Programming Roles

• The Driver : In charge of typing and asking questions, can let go or larger picture. Driver also suggests ways to improve/re-factor the code.
• The Navigator : In charge of what’s being typed and maintaining project momentum. They should lead the discussion and also double check the code for errors as it is being typed.

Shared Responsibilities

• Both need to discuss the plan, and often.
• As Navigator leads, the Driver should constantly second-guess.
• It is okay for the driver to bring up a problem!

Why Pair Up?

• Statistics have shown that pair programming slow down programming time by 15% however it also reflected that the number of errors are also reduced by 15%.

App Academy Pair Programming Approach

A 5-Step Process

• Partner Up : Get your pal.
• Check-In : Get to know eachother, discuss time constraints, goals, etc.
• Start Coding : Drivers code, Navigators Guide.
• Hand Off : App Academy employs a 15 min. interval.
• Follow-Up : The last check in, this is a good time wrap up and review your code. This step helps commit your progress to memory.