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PostgreSQL commands

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Access the PostgreSQL server from psql with a specific user: psql -U [username];	Connect to a specific database: \c database_name;
To quit the psql: \q	List all databases in the PostgreSQL database server \l
List all schemas: \dn	List all stored procedures and functions: \df
List all views: \dv	Lists all tables in a current database. \dt
Or to get more information on tables in the current database: \dt+	Get detailed information on a table. \d+ table_name
Show query output in the pretty-format: \x	List all users: \du

Create a new role:

 CREATE ROLE role_name;

Create a new role with a username and password:

 CREATE ROLE username NOINHERIT LOGIN PASSWORD password;

Change role for the current session to the new_role:

 SET ROLE new_role;

Allow role_1 to set its role as role_2:

 GRANT role_2 TO role_1;

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Managing databases

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Create a new database:

 CREATE DATABASE [IF NOT EXISTS] db_name;

Delete a database permanently:

 DROP DATABASE [IF EXISTS] db_name;

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Managing tables

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Create a new table or a temporary table

 CREATE [TEMP] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] table_name(
       pk SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
   c1 type(size) NOT NULL,
   c2 type(size) NULL,
   ...
);

Add a new column to a table:

 ALTER TABLE table_name ADD COLUMN new_column_name TYPE;

Drop a column in a table:

 ALTER TABLE table_name DROP COLUMN column_name;

Rename a column:

 ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME column_name TO new_column_name;

Set or remove a default value for a column:

 ALTER TABLE table_name ALTER COLUMN [SET DEFAULT value | DROP DEFAULT]

Add a primary key to a table.

 ALTER TABLE table_name ADD PRIMARY KEY (column,...);

Remove the primary key from a table.

 ALTER TABLE table_name
DROP CONSTRAINT primary_key_constraint_name;

Rename a table.

 ALTER TABLE table_name RENAME TO new_table_name;

Drop a table and its dependent objects:

 DROP TABLE [IF EXISTS] table_name CASCADE;

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Managing views

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Create a view:

 CREATE OR REPLACE view_name AS
query;

Create a recursive view:

 CREATE RECURSIVE VIEW view_name(column_list) AS
SELECT column_list;

Create a materialized view:

 CREATE MATERIALIZED VIEW view_name
AS
query
WITH [NO] DATA;

Refresh a materialized view:

 REFRESH MATERIALIZED VIEW CONCURRENTLY view_name;

Drop a view:

 DROP VIEW [ IF EXISTS ] view_name;

Drop a materialized view:

 DROP MATERIALIZED VIEW view_name;

Rename a view:

 ALTER VIEW view_name RENAME TO new_name;

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Managing indexes

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Creating an index with the specified name on a table

 CREATE [UNIQUE] INDEX index_name
ON table (column,...)

Removing a specified index from a table

 DROP INDEX index_name;

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Querying data from tables

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Query all data from a table:

 SELECT * FROM table_name;

Query data from specified columns of all rows in a table:

 SELECT column_list
FROM table;

Query data and select only unique rows:

 SELECT DISTINCT (column)
FROM table;

Query data from a table with a filter:

 SELECT *
FROM table
WHERE condition;

Assign an alias to a column in the result set:

 SELECT column_1 AS new_column_1, ...
FROM table;

Query data using the LIKE operator:

 SELECT * FROM table_name
WHERE column LIKE '%value%'

Query data using the BETWEEN operator:

 SELECT * FROM table_name
WHERE column BETWEEN low AND high;

Query data using the IN operator:

 SELECT * FROM table_name
WHERE column IN (value1, value2,...);

Constrain the returned rows with the LIMIT clause:

 SELECT * FROM table_name
LIMIT limit OFFSET offset
ORDER BY column_name;

Query data from multiple using the inner join, left join, full outer join, cross join and natural join:

 SELECT *
FROM table1
INNER JOIN table2 ON conditions
SELECT *
FROM table1
LEFT JOIN table2 ON conditions
SELECT *
FROM table1
FULL OUTER JOIN table2 ON conditions
SELECT *
FROM table1
CROSS JOIN table2;
SELECT *
FROM table1
NATURAL JOIN table2;

Return the number of rows of a table.

 SELECT COUNT (*)
FROM table_name;

Sort rows in ascending or descending order:

 SELECT select_list
FROM table
ORDER BY column ASC [DESC], column2 ASC [DESC],...;

Group rows using GROUP BY clause.

 SELECT *
FROM table
GROUP BY column_1, column_2, ...;

Filter groups using the HAVING clause.

 SELECT *
FROM table
GROUP BY column_1
HAVING condition;

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Set operations

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Combine the result set of two or more queries with UNION operator:

 SELECT * FROM table1
UNION
SELECT * FROM table2;

Minus a result set using EXCEPT operator:

 SELECT * FROM table1
EXCEPT
SELECT * FROM table2;

Get intersection of the result sets of two queries:

 SELECT * FROM table1
INTERSECT
SELECT * FROM table2;

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Modifying data

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Insert a new row into a table:

 INSERT INTO table(column1,column2,...)
VALUES(value_1,value_2,...);

Insert multiple rows into a table:

 INSERT INTO table_name(column1,column2,...)
VALUES(value_1,value_2,...),
      (value_1,value_2,...),
      (value_1,value_2,...)...

Update data for all rows:

 UPDATE table_name
SET column_1 = value_1,
    ...;

Update data for a set of rows specified by a condition in the WHERE clause.

 UPDATE table
SET column_1 = value_1,
    ...
WHERE condition;

Delete all rows of a table:

 DELETE FROM table_name;

Delete specific rows based on a condition:

 DELETE FROM table_name
WHERE condition;

Performance

Show the query plan for a query:

 EXPLAIN query;

Show and execute the query plan for a query:

 EXPLAIN ANALYZE query;

Collect statistics:

 ANALYZE table_name;